In 2022, the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (now called Sport Integrity Canada) published "Transgender Women Athletes and Elite Sport: A Scientific Review," an in-depth review of scientific literature on transgender athlete participation in competitive sport. Today, it was discovered that this report has been removed or blocked from their site; all materials are under the " Resources " section of this site. The CCES report reviewed published literature from 2011 to 2021

Sport has always claimed to be about fairness.... But when you look closely at the history of sex testing in women’s sports, a different pattern emerges: one rooted not in fairness, but in fear, control, and a persistent discomfort with women who don’t fit narrow expectations of what a female athlete “should” look like. Today, as governing bodies move back toward sex verification policies, it’s critical to understand this history, not as a relic of the past, but as a warning

“Fairness in sports” is one of the most common phrases used in public debate. It’s often framed as a core value - something that must be protected at all costs. But here’s the reality we rarely acknowledge: Sports have never been fair. They never have been, and they were never designed to be. Biological Advantages Are the Foundation of Elite Sports Elite sports exist because  of biological advantage, not in spite of it. Michael Phelps is a well-known example. His unusually lo

TL;DR On July 21, 2025 , the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC) updated its Athlete Safety Policy to align with President Trump’s Executive Order 14201 . The USOPC then notified National Governing Bodies (NGBs) that they had an “obligation to comply with federal expectations.” Since then, nearly every NGB has adopted policies barring transgender women from women’s categories . Although framed around elite or Olympic sport, these policies often apply to youth, club, r